time,
P
k
P
k
hni
2
k
≥ (
P
k
P
k
hni
k
)
2
, and recalling that
(λ
(k)
)
2
=
ψ
2
n
r
2
n−k
P
k
, we arrive at
t ≤
P
n
n
2
(
P
k
ψ
2
n−k
)r
2
n
− (
P
n
n(
P
k
ψ
2
n−k
)r
2
n
)
2
N
2β
1/2
.
(115)
As
P
k
ψ
2
n−k
= 1, and recalling that r
2
n−k
has variance
N
2−
, the last expression becomes
t ≤
r
Var (r
2
n
)
N
2β
=
√
N
2−ε−2β
, (116)
and goes to zero so long as β > 1 −
ε
2
.
Thus, we have shown that with a RF of size N
2−ε
the superposition state |Ψi is indistinguishable from
a semi-classical state ρ
cl
, which does not exhibit any
quantum coherence on the scale n − m = N
c
for
c > 1 −
ε
2
. (117)
In the case where the RF state is itself a mix-
ture ρ
RF
=
P
i
q
i
|RF
i
ihRF
i
|, one obtains t ≤
P
i
q
i
s
Var
(r
(i)
n
)
2
N
2β
instead of Eq. (116). Another ap-
plication of Jensen’s inequality implies
t ≤
v
u
u
t
P
i
q
i
Var
(r
(i)
n
)
2
N
2β
(118)
References
[1] J. S. Bell, Physics 1, 195 (1964).
[2] W. H. Zurek, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 715 (2003).
[3] N. D. Mermin, Phys. Rev. D 22, 356 (1980).
[4] A. Peres, Quantum Theory:Concepts and Meth-
ods, 1st ed., Fundamental Theories of Physics,
Vol. 57 (Springer Netherlands, 1995).
[5] J. Kofler and Č. Brukner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99,
180403 (2007).
[6] P. Sekatski, N. Gisin, and N. Sangouard, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 113, 090403 (2014).
[7] P. Sekatski, N. Sangouard, and N. Gisin, Phys.
Rev. A 89, 012116 (2014).
[8] S. Haroche, Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 1083 (2013).
[9] A. Ourjoumtsev, H. Jeong, R. Tualle-Brouri,
and P. Grangier, Nature 448, 784 (2007).
[10] F. De Martini, F. Sciarrino, and C. Vitelli, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 100, 253601 (2008).
[11] B. Vlastakis, G. Kirchmair, Z. Leghtas, S. E.
Nigg, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin, M. Mirrahimi,
M. H. Devoret, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Science
342, 607 (2013).
[12] A. Lvovsky, R. Ghobadi, A. Chandra, A. S.
Prasad, and C. Simon, Nat. Phys. 9, 541 (2013).
[13] H. Jeong, A. Zavatta, M. Kang, S.-W. Lee,
L. S. Costanzo, S. Grandi, T. C. Ralph, and
M. Bellini, Nat. Phot. 8, 564 (2014).
[14] B. Julsgaard, A. Kozhekin, and E. S. Polzik,
Nature 413, 400 (2001).
[15] S. L. Christensen, J.-B. Béguin, E. Bookjans,
H. L. Sørensen, J. H. Müller, J. Appel, and E. S.
Polzik, Phys. Rev. A 89, 033801 (2014).
[16] A. Tiranov, J. Lavoie, P. C. Strassmann, N. San-
gouard, M. Afzelius, F. Bussières, and N. Gisin,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 190502 (2016).
[17] M. Arndt, O. Nairz, J. Vos-Andreae, C. Keller,
G. Van der Zouw, and A. Zeilinger, Nature 401,
680 (1999).
[18] S. Gerlich, L. Hackermüller, K. Hornberger,
A. Stibor, H. Ulbricht, M. Gring, F. Goldfarb,
T. Savas, M. Müri, M. Mayor, et al., Nat. Phys.
3, 711 (2007).
[19] S. Eibenberger, S. Gerlich, M. Arndt, M. Mayor,
and J. Tüxen, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15,
14696 (2013).
[20] A. Peres and P. Scudo, in Quantum Theory:
Reconsiderations of Foundations, Math. Mod-
elling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sci-
ences, edited by A. Khrennikov (Växjö Univer-
sity Press, Växjö, Sweden, 2002) p. 283.
[21] F. Fröwis, P. Sekatski, W. Dür, N. Gisin, and
N. Sangouard, arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.06173
(2017).
[22] A. J. Leggett, Prog.Theor. Phys. Supp. 69, 80
(1980).
[23] A. J. Leggett, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 14, R415
(2002).
[24] A. S. Holevo, J. Multivar. Anal. 3, 337 (1973).
[25] C. W. Helstrom, Quantum detection and estima-
tion theory (Elsevier, 1976).
[26] J. Bae and L.-C. Kwek, J. Phys. A 48, 083001
(2015).
[27] H. Chernoff, Ann. Math. Stat. , 493 (1952).
[28] K. M. R. Audenaert, J. Calsamiglia, R. Muñoz
Tapia, E. Bagan, L. Masanes, A. Acin, and
F. Verstraete, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 160501
(2007).
[29] M. O. Scully and M. Suhail Zubairy, Quantum
Optics (Cambridge University Press, 1997).
[30] E. Noether, English Reprint: physics/0503066 ,
57 (1918).
[31] G. C. Wick, A. S. Wightman, and E. P. Wigner,
Phys. Rev. 88, 101 (1952).
[32] E. P. Wigner, Z. Phys. 133, 101 (1952).
[33] H. Araki and M. M. Yanase, Phys. Rev. 120, 622
(1960).
[34] Y. Aharonov and L. Susskind, Phys. Rev. 155,
1428 (1967).
[35] M. Ozawa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 050402 (2002).
[36] S. D. Bartlett, T. Rudolph, and R. W. Spekkens,
Rev. Mod. Phys. 79, 555 (2007).
[37] J. Eisert, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 210401 (2004).
[38] S. Boixo, L. Viola, and G. Ortiz, EPL 79, 40003
(2007).
Accepted in Quantum 2017-10-31, click title to verify 18